To drive expanded action for climate change across the U.S., we performed first-of-its-kind research to systematically evaluate the state of climate adaptation practice in 17 communities throughout the country. We evaluated community drivers for motivation, specific actions and reduction in vulnerability achieved.

As part of this research, we interviewed 50 thought leaders in fields ranging from climate adaptation and environmental justice to natural resource management and community engagement. Based on this empirical foundation, we developed a cross-case analysis of key findings, strategic recommendations for community-based champions and recommendations to advance the state of the practice.

We evaluated more than 40 existing and emerging technologies that can help Asian cities adapt to climate change. These included technological innovations in transportation, water resources, human health, disaster risk management, food security, and coastal protection, and determined their effectiveness, costs, co-benefits, and feasibility.

In the Philippines, we led a multi-agency effort to assess the economy-wide costs and benefits of mitigation options, including identifying more 63,710 outdoor air pollution-related deaths that could be avoided if all mitigation options were to be implemented.

The results of our analysis were used by the Government of Philippines as the evidence base for developing the Philippines' Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), as per the Paris Agreement, and the prioritization and formulation of sectoral mitigation actions.

To better understand benefits of sustainable transport, we quantified the health benefits of the Greater Dhaka Sustainable Urban Transport Corridor Project in Bangladesh, and monetized health benefits of Shandong Spring City Green Modern Trolley Bus in Jinan China.

Across the globe, urban solid waste is a major source of short-lived climate pollutants. To improve solid waste management across developing countries, we provide technical and capacity building support, tool and resource development and outreach support to the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC).

For CCAC's Municipal Solid Waste Initiative, one of the tools we developed is the Solid Waste Emissions Estimation Tool (SWEET), a core resource, which estimates emissions and compares the emissions reduction benefits of different waste management scenarios. This tool has been utilized around the world, including by Nepal, Mexico, Brazil, Serbia, India and West Africa.

Across eight West African countries, we engaged with 38 commercial banks to increase lenders awareness of clean energy opportunities including solar home systems, rural mini-grids, as well as off and on-grid rooftop solar. We developed bank-specific diagnostics on readiness to lend, and tailored workshops on alignment between clean energy opportunities and existing banks' priorities, strengthening lending capacity in the clean energy sector.

In 2013, we co-created the Clean Energy Lending Toolkit, a practical guide for lending institutions to launch a clean energy lending line of business. This customizable toolkit guides bankers and others in developing countries through the current clean energy market financing landscape, helping them understand how their customers could take advantage of opportunities with the right lending systems and products.

In El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, we trained more than 1,200 bankers in the Clean Energy Lending Toolkit, with 40 percent being women at local commercial financial institutions. To further scale clean energy lending, we developed clean energy market assessments for each of the three countries, strengthening banks' understanding of the lending opportunities for clean energy. This led to USAID's Development Credit Authority's preparation of a $54M loan guarantee fund and for three of the banks to create clean energy lending lines of credit.

By providing guidance and support to private companies in the bid evaluation process, we mobilized private sector finance and investment for grid-integrated clean energy, including a $12.5M in private sector investment for an 8 MW solar PV rooftop project and a second phase $16.5M private sector investment in an 11 MW solar PV project.

To support energy auctions in the Lower Mekong we are sharing information on international best practices in auction design, assisting the Government of Laos in developing its first-ever competitive auction of solar PV farms, and supporting the Government of Cambodia in establishing solar PV policies that support the integration of clean energy into energy markets.

In South Sudan, we established sustainable land-use practices through trainings, pilot demonstrations and a national awareness conference. We introduced modern, drought resistant seed technology, motivated smallholder farmers to place 19,400 hectares of land under cultivation using modern agronomic practices that involve more efficient use of water and trained more than 5,000 lead farmers.

Climate change has curbed rainfall in many of Mali's key agricultural regions. We partnered with local organizations to build and rehabilitate dozens of irrigation canals and retention dams to capture rainfall and trained farmers in water management and maintenance of irrigation equipment.

Bolivia is particularly vulnerable to climate shocks due to increased droughts in the dry months and snow pack melt induced floods in the wet months, exacerbating chronic malnutrition. To address this challenge, we focused on increasing the availability and production of high-nutrition foods while promoting improved natural resources management, climate resilience, and environmental conservation.

We trained 2,000 women in the construction of ecological kitchens, improving the health of more than 9,200 people, and providing a climate-friendly alternative to traditional stoves. We also facilitated sustainable management of over 34,000 hectares through organic or other best production practices.

We developed an innovative methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of climate services to farmers to better understand quality of weather and climate forecasts and agronomic advisories, distribution of information, uptake of that information and actions taken by farmers. Our logic model linked the provision of information on weather, climate, and agriculture with decision making, and ultimately with improved social and economic outcomes.

We applied this method to evaluate the effectiveness of the Caribbean Meteorological Initiative (CAMI) which brings together the meteorological and agricultural agencies of 10 Caribbean nations to deliver climate services to farmers. For CAMI, we determined areas of success, areas where further work is needed, priorities for future climate services work in the Caribbean, and lessons learned that are applicable to climate services in other locations.

In Mali, we assisted farmers by providing information, training, and material support and key government agency extension services. We also evaluated effectiveness of 10-day weather forecasts and seasonal climate forecasts in assisting farmers in making production decisions. This included verifying the link between weather and climate information and adaptive practices in agriculture and agroforestry at the international, national, regional, commune, and village levels.

We developed ecosystems valuation case studies for Muaro Jambi and Mamasa in Indonesia, identifying uses of ecosystems, potential value propositions, and recommended actions for communities, policymakers, and others to take in promoting sustainable, low carbon investments in those resources. Our analysis supported decisions on which Districts were eligible for investment, as well as targeting of over $100 million in investments.

For Quelimane, a coastal city in Mozambique, we prepared a cost-benefit analysis with environmental valuation of mangrove restoration and regeneration and infrastructure resilience development. This demonstrated the financial versus economic incentives to protecting the city's fisheries and other livelihoods in. Results of our analysis were used by the city in planning for coastal resilience infrastructure investments and protection.

In Iloilo, Philippines we conducted a water security and climate change assessment in which we reviewed local development priorities, identified climate and non-climate stressors and assessed climate risks. As a result, we developed 22 adaptation and development options to address water security and climate change in Iloilo and the Tigum-Aganan watershed.

In the U.S., we are supporting the Climate Resilience Evaluation and Awareness Tool, which allows water utilities to assess climate-related risks, including potential economic impacts, and to assess benefits and costs of adaptation options.

The model uses spatially explicit, quantitative climate change projections across the U.S. to calculate changes in temperature, precipitation, 24-hour precipitation event magnitudes and return intervals, and sea-level rise projections along the coast and tidally influenced rivers.

To help inform U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' decisions about investment priorities, we designed and developed a National Flood Risk Characterization Tool, which provides a set of measures of relative risk across the U.S..

The tool is based on innovative methods to estimate flood depths in 100-year and 500-year flood zones across the U.S., including coastal areas. The tool calculates the potential for asset damages, human exposure, exposure of emergency response infrastructure and other flood risk and vulnerability metrics across the U.S., allowing the user to visualize these flood risk metrics on a map-based interface.